The rich revenues of Bengal enabled them to organise a strong army and meet the cost of the conquest of the rest of the country. During theBritish rule in India there were approximately 25 major famines spread through states such asTamil Nadu in South India, Bihar in the north, and Bengal in the east; altogether, between 30and 40 million Indians were the victims of famines in the latter half of the 19th century (Bhatia1985). A Portuguese missionary published the first book on Bengali grammar. One of the legacies of the dynasty is its gold coinage inscribed with the names of rulers such as Rajabhata. Other ports in Bengal included the Port of Narayanganj, the Port of Chittagong and the Port of Dhaka. The city is housed on the east bank of the Hugli (Hooghly) River, which was once the main channel of the Ganges (Ganga) River, about 96 miles (154 km) upstream from the head of the Bay of Bengal. Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas (kingdoms), while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period. To read Bengal famine and Responsibility for Holocaust. It was an exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, saltpetre, and agricultural and industrial produce. The English officials took refuge at Fulta near the sea protected by their naval superiority. [57][58], The Adina Mosque was India's largest mosque. In 1877, when Victoria took the title of "Empress of India", the British declared Calcutta the capital of the British Raj. It was either under Magadh or under Kalinga Rules except few years under Pals. [15][16][17] Kolkata (or Calcutta) served for many years as the capital of British controlled territories in India. The Portuguese settlers in Chittagong included bureaucrats, merchants, soldiers, sailors, missionaries, slave traders and pirates. The Bengal Subah was part of a larger prosperous empire and shaped by imperial policies of pluralistic government. Under the Mughals, Bengal Subah generated almost 50% of the empire's gross domestic product (GDP) and 12% of the world's GDP. A centre of rice cultivation and the world's main source of jute fibre; Bengal was one of India's largest industrial centers. Bengal was the most fertile and the richest of India’s provinces. There were several Hindu states established in and around Bengal during the medieval and early modern periods. Although some opponents to partition gave it a religious aspect by identifying closely with Kali, others stressed the unity of the Bengali nation, not religion. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks. Although protest had been largely Hindu-led, such eminent leaders of the Indian nationalist movement at Nazrul Islam and Rabindranath Tagore stressed Hindu-Muslim unity. Even though Mir Jafar owed his position to the Company, he soon repented the bargain he had struck. While the monarchs were Buddhists, land grants to Brahmin agriculturalists was common. The Prime Minister of Bengal was a member of the assembly. The major part of the Nawab’s army, led by the traitors Mir Jafar and Rai Durlabh, took no part in the fighting. Gopala reigned from about 750–770 and consolidated his position by extending his control over all of Bengal. [66] The Burdwan Raj was a zamindari estate that flourished from about 1657 to 1955, first under the Mughals and then under the British in the province of Bengal in British-India. At the time of Alexander the Great's invasion of India, the collective might of the Gangaridai and the Nanda Empire (Bihar) deterred the Greek army. A gold lust unequalled since the hysteria that took hold of the Spaniards of Cortes’ and Pizarro’s age filled the English mind. [5] The Sultans exerted influence in the Arakan region of Southeast Asia, where Buddhist kings copied the sultanate's governance, currency and fashion. Bengal in particular was not to know peace again until it had been bled white. Up to a third of the population died in 1770 and subsequent years. Before the implementation of the act, there were three presidencies under British rule. However, the economy of Bengal became more dependent on agriculture. The 1857 uprising against British rule led to scenes of intense combat. Vanga was described as a thassalocracy with colonies in Southeast Asia. The East India Company, during their first 60 years of rule didn’t care much for the education of those they ruled in India. “Timelines of Major Famines in India during British Rule.” . Second, the power to issue dastaks for the Company’s goods was misused by the Company’s servants to evade taxes on their private trade. In all, the English lost 29 men while the Nawab lost nearly 500. The first European colonial settlement in Bengal was the Portuguese settlement in Chittagong. The largest seaport in British Bengal was the Port of Calcutta, one of the busiest ports in the erstwhile British Empire. These included a realm led by Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah (and later his son) in Sonargaon;[55] a realm led by Alauddin Ali Shah in Gauda (also called Lakhnauti);[56] and a realm led by Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah in Satgaon. The records of Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty, who invaded Bengal in the 11th century, use the term Vangaladesa. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. The Bengal famine of 1943 occurred during World War II and caused the death of an estimated 2.1–3 million people. Under the patronage of Sultans like Alauddin Hussain Shah, Bengali literature began replacing the strong influence of Sanskrit in the region. These abuses ruined the honest Indian traders through unfair competition and deprived the Nawab of a very important source of revenue. (10 Vols. The All India Muslim League was created during a conference on liberal education hosted by the Nawab of Dhaka in Eastern Bengal and Assam. [10], Following the decline of the sultanate, Bengal came under the suzerainty of the Mughal Empire, as its wealthiest province. Around the early 18th century, the Maratha Empire led invasions of Bengal. Sufis played a role in the Islamic absorption of Bengal. The Chittagong Hill Tracts frontier region was made a tributary state of Mughal Bengal and a treaty was signed with the Chakma Circle in 1713. [31] Alexander Cunningham, the founder of the Archaeological Survey of India, identified the archaeological site of Mahasthangarh as the capital of the Pundra Kingdom mentioned in the Rigveda. However, Mahipala rejuvenated the reign of the Palas. As Colonel Malleson has put it, the single aim of the Company’s officials was “to grasp all they could; to use Mir Jafar as a golden sack into which they could dip their hands at pleasure”. The Nawabs maintained de facto control of Bengal while minting coins in the name of the emperor in Delhi. The advancement of civilisation in Bengal dates back four millennia. The Sylhet region in Assam joined East Bengal after a referendum on 6 July 1947. Believing that the kamdhenu had been found and that the wealth of Bengal was inexhaustible, the directors of the Company ordered that Bengal should pay the expenses of the Bombay and Madras Presidencies and purchase out of its revenue all the Company’s exports from India. China responded by sending envoys, including the Treasure voyages; and mediating in regional disputes. This was one of the most decisive battles of Indian history for it demonstrated the superiority of English arms over the combined army of two of the major Indian powers. The British Occupation of Bengal The beginning of British political influence over India may be traced to the battle of Plassey in 1757, when the English East India Company's forces defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. 1, 1883. The Deva dynasty was a Hindu dynasty of medieval Bengal that ruled over eastern Bengal after the collapse Sena Empire. These states includes the principalities of Maharaja Pratap Aditya of Jessore, Raja Sitaram Ray of Burdwan, Raja Krishnachandra Roy of Nadia Raj and Kingdom of Mallabhum. He ordered both the English and the French to demolish their fortifications at Calcutta and Chandernagore and to desist from fighting each other. [6] This era saw the introduction of the taka as monetary currency, which has endured into the modern era. The battle of Plassey was of immense historical importance. In his endeavour to conquer the Utkala and Koshala, parts of Odisha today, he had to contest with the mighty Ganga king Anangabhima Chodaganga Deva. Cossimbazar and Balasore also hosted French factories.[85]. M. Mufakharul Islam (2007), Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study, Cambridge South Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press, Pages: 300. Set), (written by 1300 scholars & 22 editors) The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Pages: 4840, This page was last edited on 16 January 2021, at 16:34. The Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council was the lawmaking body of the province. The earlier British struggle with the French in south India had been but a dress rehearsal. [47] The dynasty was powerful enough to withstand the Pala Empire to the northwest. [50], The Pala dynasty was replaced by the resurgent Hindu Sena dynasty which hailed from south India; they and their feudatories are referred to in history books as the "Kannada kings." The Gangaridai army was stated to have a war elephant cavalry of 6000 elephants. [4] The region was part of several ancient pan-Indian empires, including the Mauryans and Guptas. The reign of Ashoka ushered an era of social harmony, religious transformation, and expansion of the sciences and of knowledge. A later ruler of the dynasty Ariraja-Danuja-Madhava Dasharatha-Deva extended his kingdom to cover much of East Bengal. A thalassocracy and an entrepôt of the historic Silk Road,[2] Ancient Bengal established colonies on Indian Ocean islands and in Southeast Asia;[3] had strong trade links with Persia, Arabia and the Mediterranean that focused on its lucrative cotton muslin textiles. But the Delhi Sultanate managed to suppress Bengal's Muslim separatists for a century. [28] Remnants of Copper Age settlements, including pit dwellings, date back 4,000 years. The short lived province of Eastern Bengal and Assam provided impetus to a growing movement for self-determination among British-Indian Muslim subjects. Nalanda, Vikramashila and Somapura Mahavihara flourished and prospered under the patronage of the Pala rulers. [75], During their occupation, the Marathas perpetrated a massacre against the local population,[76] killing close to 400,000 people in western Bengal and Bihar. Dharmapala extended the empire into the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. The Calcutta Stock Exchange was established in 1908. They succeeded in bringing Bengal under one ruler during the 12th century. The beginnings of British political sway over India may be traced to the battle of Plassey in 1757, when the English East India Company’s forces defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. Led by Bakhtiar Khilji, an army of several thousand horsemen from the Ghurids overwhelmed Bengali Hindu forces during a blitzkrieg campaign. After the Great Famine of 1769-70, the Fakir Sanyasl Movement caused serious disruption to British rule, as did the forces of Titu Meer and the Farizi Movement, led by Haji Shariatullah.. Ilyas Shah proclaimed himself as the "Shah of Bangalah". He came to power in 750 through an election by chieftains in Gauḍa. All these three were independent administrative units. Dharmapala and Devapala were two great patrons of Buddhism, secular education and culture. [52] The Deva dynasty endured after Muslim conquests but eventually died out. The Sultan of Bengal was styled as the Shah of Bangalah. While Mir Qasim believed that he was an independent ruler, the English demanded that he should act as a mere tool in their hands, for had they not put him in power? Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist missionaries to various parts of Asia. 4. His reign saw native Bengali elements promoted in the court's culture. He was eventually defeated by the army of Aurangazeb. The centre of Indian culture and trade shifted from Delhi to Calcutta when the Mughal Empire fell. Several governors of Delhi in Bengal attempted to break away and create an independent state. The empire reached its peak under Emperor Dharmapala (770–810) and Devapala (810–850). The first traces of West Bengal's history are recorded to belong to the Vedic era when the state was inhabited by myriads of people of varying origin and ethnicity. The port in Fort William became one of the most important British naval bases in Asia from where expeditions were sent to China and Southeast Asia. [29] Rivers such as the Ganges and Brahmaputra were used for transport while maritime trade flourished in the Bay of Bengal. [68] Persians settled in Bengal to become clerics, missionaries, lawyers, teachers, soldiers, administrators and poets. Many came as refugees due to the Mongol invasions and conquests. The earliest reference to "Vangala" (Bôngal) has been traced in the Nesari plates (805 CE) of Rashtrakuta Govinda III which speak of Dharmapala as the king of Vangala. The Governor of Bengal, who was concurrently the Governor-General of India, often sat on the council. A Hindu scholar produced a Bengali translation of the Quran. This plunder of Bengal is well documented in the British records as Lord Clive and Warren Hastings, the first two governors of Bengal, were both tried in the British Parliament for corruption, though they were exonerated – due largely to wealth induced influence peddling by the rich BEIC. M. Mufakharul Islam (edited) (2004) Socio-Economic History of Bangladesh: essays in memory of Professor Shafiqur Rahman, 1st Edition, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. [12] The capital Dhaka had a population exceeding a million people, and with an estimated 80,000 skilled textile weavers. After the Conquest of Sylhet in the 14th century, the region was absorbed into Shamsuddin Firoz Shah 's independent principality based in Lakhnauti, Western Bengal. From the 1850s, industry was centered around the capital Calcutta. Man Singh I was the only Hindu subedar. The province was also well-known for its textiles, silk and saltpetre. By this treaty the Nawab was to disband most of his army and to administer Bengal through a Deputy Subahdar who was to be nominated by the Company and who could not be dismissed without its approval. [2] Bengal, at times, has played an important role in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The inscription was written in the Brahmi script in the provincial capital of Pundranagara. A relationship with Ming China flourished under the sultanate. Mir Qasim was defeated in a series of battles in 1763 and fled to Awadh where he formed an alliance with Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh, and Shah Alam II, the fugitive Mughal emperor. Garrett, have remarked: To engineer a revolution had been revealed as the most paying game in the world. His son Sikandar Shah defeated the Sultan of Delhi and secured recognition of Bengal's sovereignty after the Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War. His wife Maharani Bhavashankari defeated the Pathan resurgence in Bengal[65] and her reign brought power, prosperity and grandeur to Bhurishrestha Kingdom. There was extensive shipping with British Burma. One of the notable properties of the French included the land of the Ahsan Manzil, where the French administrative building was located. The exact origin of the word Bangla is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang/Banga that settled in the area around the year 1000 BCE. Today our topic is resistance to the British in Bengal and consequences of such opposition. Major parties in the assembly included the All India Muslim League, the Farmers and Tenants Party, the Indian National Congress, the Swaraj Party and the Hindu Mahasabha. The Ilyas Shahi Dynasty was interrupted in 1414 by a native uprising but was restored by Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah in 1433. Extensive land reclamation in forested and marshy areas were carried out and intrastate trade as well as commerce were highly encouraged. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system. It was the most fertile and the richest of India’s provinces. Bengal received many immigrants from West Asia, Central Asia, the Horn of Africa and North India during the sultanate and Mughal periods. It was now determined to remain in Bengal even against the wishes of the Nawab and to trade there on its own terms. He, therefore, took the drastic step of abolishing all duties on internal trade, thus giving his own subjects a concession that the English had seized by force. Considerable architectural projects were undertaken which induced the influence of Persian architecture, Arab architecture and Byzantine architecture in Bengal. Their son, Maharaja Pratapnarayan, patronised literature and art, trade & commerce, as well as welfare of his subjects. But it was during the rule of King Shashanka that Bengal witnessed another flourishing period. Fort William served as the British headquarters in India for centuries. An Afghan dynasty was the last royal house of the Bengal Sultanate. The area's early history featured a succession of Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance. They created many temples and works of art as well as supported the important ancient higher-learning institutions of Nalanda and Vikramashila. He recovered control over all of Bengal and expanded the empire. Robert Clive (First Administration; 1757-1760) In 1905, the colonial government divided Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections; this division was revoked after strong protests. Both universities were represented in the Bengal Legislative Assembly under the Government of India Act, 1935. Bengali influences were incorporated into the kingdom's architecture. List of British Governors Generals during British Period in India . The Bengal renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the 19th and early 20th centuries in the region of Bengal in undivided India during the period of British rule. The Company had been compelled to accept the authority of the Nawabs in the matter, but its servants had taken every opportunity to evade and defy this authority. [60], Under Mughal rule, Bengal was a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trades. They controlled the port of Chittagong and forced all merchant ships to acquire a Portuguese trade licence. While the French Company obeyed his order, the English Company refused to do so, for its ambition had been whetted and its confidence enhanced by its victories in the Carnatic. His grandson and successor Siraj-ud-daulah was the last independent Nawab of Bengal due to his defeat to British forces at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. ", "The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India", Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution, "Facts about the Ancient Greeks: who was Homer, which gods did the ancient Greeks believe in, what was life like in Ancient Greece? The Khadga dynasty was a Buddhist dynasty of eastern Bengal. Roger Drake (1757) 2. Nationalism emerged in 19th-century British India both in emulation of and as a reaction against the consolidation of British rule and the spread of Western civilization. His reign lasted between 590 and 625. However, Bengalis were also divided by religion due to the political situation in the rest of India. 4 In an 1883 Volume on Rural Bengal 5, W. Hunter gives a vivid and disturbing picture of the 1770 Bengal Famine, “All through the stifling summer of 1770 the people went on dying. It was created by the Indian Councils Act 1861 and reformed under the Indian Councils Act 1892, the Indian Councils Act 1909, the Government of India Act 1919 and the Government of India Act 1935. They were required to pay the same taxes as Indian merchants. In 1919, they created different electorates for Muslims, Hindus and for other distinctive communities. In addition, he paid large sums as ‘gifts’ or bribes to the high officials of the Company. The Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Vajrayana schools of Buddhism. King Shashanka is considered by some scholars to be the pioneering king of a unified Bengali state. Only a small group of the Nawab’s soldiers led by Mir Madan and Mohan Lai fought bravely and well. The English refused to comply as they felt strong after their victory over the French in south India. They demanded the re-imposition of duties on Indian traders. They met for battle on the field of Plassey, about 30 km from Murshidabad, on 23 June 1757. Shashanka established a kingdom in the citadel of Gauda. No ruler could possibly accept this position. Ibn Battua also visited the Sufi leader Shah Jalal in Sylhet, who had earlier defeated the Hindu ruler Govinda. It is interesting to note that earlier, the city of Calcutta was the capital of India during the British Rule in the year 1772. Nevertheless the English Company demanded the absolute right to trade freely in Bengal irrespective of the Bengal Nawab’s orders. They had decided to install a more pliant tool in Siraj-ud-Daulah’s place. The second Mughal emperor Humayun occupied the Bengali capital Gaur for six months. He survived the invasions of Rajendra Chola I and the Chalukya dynasty. [29] Large urban settlements formed in the middle of the first millennium BCE,[30] when the Northern Black Polished Ware culture dominated the northern part of Indian subcontinent. [29], The Iron Age saw the development of coinage, metal weapons, agriculture and irrigation. A confederation of twelve zamindar families resisted the expansion of the Mughal Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries. Ganesha installed his son Jadu to the throne but his son was influenced to convert to Islam[citation needed] by the court's Sufi clergy. It also received the zamindari of the 24 Parganas near Calcutta. It includes modern-day Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam's Karimganj district, located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, at the apex of the Bay of Bengal and dominated by the fertile Ganges delta. Initially an advisory council with mostly European members, native Bengali representation gradually increased in the early 20th-century. The property was sold to Bengali aristocrats, who exchanged the property several times until it became the property of the Dhaka Nawab Family. This amounted to a direct challenge to the Nawab’s sovereignty. Importance of merchant and financial classes declined. Bengali agriculturalists rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal as a major silk-producing region of the world. Jadu took the title of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah. This alliance made the Nawab a dependent of the Company. Mir Jafar paid a sum of Rs 17,700,000 as compensation for the attack on Calcutta to the Company and the traders of the city. From Madras came a strong naval and military force under Admiral Watson and Colonel Clive. The British government introduced the railway to Bengal in 1854. 5. Meghna Guhathakurta & Willem van Schendel (Edited) (2013) The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics (The World Readers), Duke University Press Books, Pages: 568. ", Momtazur Rahman Tarafdar, "Itihas O Aitihasik", Bangla Academy Dhaka, 1995, Encyclopaedia of North-East India by T. Raatan p.143, Nadia' Jillar Purakirti by Archaeological Survey of India, West Bengal, 1975, Imperial Gazetteer of India, New Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908–1931), Vol. The Company’s servants were also permitted to trade but were not covered by this Farman. Rise of British Power in Bengal During 18th century, Bengal was the richest province in India, attracted traders from Holland, France and England. Moreover, the Company’s servants illegally sold the dastaks or free passes to friendly Indian merchants who were thereby able to evade the internal customs duties. Last Updated: 11th January, 2020 23:31 IST History Written During British Rule, After Independence Overlooked Several Major Aspects: PM Modi Prime Minister Narendra Modi said several important aspects of the country's history were overlooked by historians who wrote about it during the British rule and after Independence, and it seemed that the indigenous people of India did not exist at all. 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